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Chapter: 7th Social Science : Economics : Term 1 Unit 1 : Production

Production

Learning Objectives To acquaint ourselves with • To know the meaning of production • To understand the types of production • To know the types of factors of production • To understand the characteristics of factors of production

ECONOMICS

Unit –I

Production


 

Learning Objectives

To acquaint ourselves with

• To know the meaning of production

• To understand the types of production

• To know the types of factors of production

• To understand the characteristics of factors of production

 


One day Yazhini and Josphine were sitting in a park near their house and eating sugarcane.At that time yazhini’s uncle Raja from the town came there.

On seeing them eating sugarcane he asked, “Dear children, do you know what are the products produced from the sugarcane?.

Both of them thought for a while and said, ‘uncle , they make sugar’.

Uncle : You are right. Do you know how they produce sugar for our consumption?.

Yazhini : No uncle. But if you tell us we will know about it uncle.

Uncle : Ok. I shall tell you and you in turn must tell your friends about it.

Yazhini and Josphine : Ok uncle, thank you.

He began saying, sugarcane is produced in agricultural field. This is the Primary production . To get sugar, we take sugarcane to the sugar factories, using the machine we produce sugar. This is Secondary production. So the sugar industries are known as secondary sector and generally described as manufacturing and construction industries,and the industries in the tertiary sector produce all those services which enable the finished goods to be put in the hands of consumers. These industries include traders, banking, insurance, etc..

Production is the process of changing the raw materials into finished product. Here the factors of production is the input like, sugarcane, machinery, labours, etc. and sugar is the output. Now, let us learn about production and the various factors are included in production like land, labour, capital and entrepreneur and its characteristics in detail.

Yazhini and Josphine : Ok uncle.

 

There are two main activities in an economy, production and consumption. Similarly there are two kinds of people, producers and consumers. Well-being is made possible by efficient production and by the interaction between producers and consumers. In the interaction, consumers can be identified in two roles both of which generate well-being. Consumers can be both customers of the producers and suppliers to the producers. The customers’ well-being arises from the commodities they are buying and the suppliers’ well-being is related to the income they receive as compensation for the production inputs they have delivered to the producers.

 

Meaning of Production

Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption (the output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.

Production in economics refers to the creation of those goods and services which have exchange value. It means the creation of utilities. Utility means want satisfying power of a product. Utilities are in the nature of form utility, time utility and place utility.

Types of Utility

Form utility

If the physical form of a commodity is changed, its utility may increase.

Eg. Cotton increases, if it is converted into clothes.

Place utility

If a commodity is transported from one place to another, its utility may increase.

Eg. If rice transported to Tamilnadu to Kerala, its utility will be more.

Time utility

If the commodity is stored for future usage, its utility may increase.

Eg. Agricultural commodities like Paddy, Wheat, etc. are stored for the regular uses of consumersthroughout the year.


Indian Economy is a MixedEconomy. Private and PublicSector are existing together.

 

Types of Production

There are three types of production

1. Primary production

2. Secondary Production

3. Tertiary or Service Production

 

1. Primary Production

Primary production is carried out by ‘extractive’ industries like agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and oil extraction. These industries are engaged in such activities as extracting the gifts of nature from the earth’s surface, from beneath the earth’s surface and from the oceans.


 

2. Secondary Production

This includes production in manufacturing industry, turning out semi-finished and finished goods from raw materials and intermediate goods, conversion of flour into bread or iron ore into finished steel. They are generally described as manufacturing and construction industries, such as the manufacture of cars, furnishing, clothing and chemicals, as also engineering and building.



Example: Primary sector and Secondary sector Production

Cotton (Primary sector) – Cotton Industry (Secondary Sector) = Cloth Production

Iron ore (Primary sector) – Iron Industry (Secondary sector) = Material Production

Wheat flour (Primary sector) – Bread Factory (Secondary Sector) = Food Production

 

3. Tertiary Production

Industries in the tertiary sector produce all those services which enable the finished goods to be put in the hands of consumers. In fact, these services are supplied to the firms in all types of industry and directly to consumers. Examples cover distributive traders, banking, insurance, transport and communications. Government services, such as law, administration, education, health and defence, are also included.


The most to the Gross Domestic Product of our country is contributed by the tertiary sector.

 

Factors of Production

Human activity can be broken down into two components, production and consumption. When there is production, a process of transformation takes place. Inputs are converted into an output. The inputs are classified and referred to as land, labour, and capital. Collectively the inputs are called factors of production.

When the factors of production are combined in order to produce something, a fourth factor is required. Goods and services do not produce themselves but need some conscious thought process in order to plan and implement manufacture. This thought process is often called Entrepreneurship and Organization.

 

Factors of production

1. Primary Factors and

2. Derived Factors.

Primary factors are land and labour. These are naturally given and without them no goods can be produced.

Derived factors are Capital and Organization. These derived factors, when combined with the primary factors of production, raise total production.


 

1. Land

Land as a factor of production refers to all those natural resources or gifts of nature which are provided free to man. It includes within itself several things such as land surface, air, water, minerals, forests, rivers, lakes, seas, mountain, climate, and weather. Thus, land includes all things that are not made by man.

Land : Land can take on various forms, from agricultural land to commercial real estate to the resources available from a particular piece of Land.



 

Characteristics of Land

1. Land is a Free Gift of Nature

Man has to make efforts in order to acquire other factors of production. But to acquire land no human efforts are needed. Land is not the outcome of human labour. Rather, it existed even long before the evolution of man.

2. Land is fixed in supply

The total quantity of land does not undergo any change. It is limited and cannot be increased or decreased with human efforts. No alteration can be made in the surface area of land.

3. Land is imperishable

All man-made things are perishable and these may even go out of existence. But land is indestructible. Thus it cannot go out of existence. It is not destructible.

4. Land is a Primary Factor of Production:

In any kind of production process, we have to start with land. For example, in industries, it helps to provide raw materials, and in agriculture, crops are produced on land.

5. Land is Immovable:

It cannot be transported from one place to another. For instance, no portion of India’s surface can be transported to some other country.

6. Land has some Original Indestructible Powers

There are some original and indestructible powers of land, which a man cannot destroy. Its fertility may be varied but it cannot be destroyed completely.

7. Land Differs in Fertility

Fertility of land differs on different pieces of land. One piece of land may produce more and the other less.

As a gift of nature, the initial supply price of land is zero. However, when used in production, it becomes scarce. Therefore, it fetches a price accordingly.

 

2. Labour

Labour is the human input into the production process. Alfred Marshall defines labour as, ‘the use of body or mind, partly or wholly, with a view to secure an income apart from the pleasure derived from the work’

Adamsmith is known as Father of Economics and his Economics I swealth Economics.He wrote two classic works,"The Theory of Moral sentiments(1759)",and "An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of Nations (1776)".


 

Characteristics of Labour

• Labour is more perishable than other factors of production. It means labour cannot be stored. The labour of an unemployed worker is lost forever for that day when he does not work. Labour can neither be postponed nor accumulated for the next day. It will perish. Once time is lost, it is lost forever.

• Labour is an active factor of production. Neither land nor capital can yield much without labour.

• Labour is not homogeneous. Skill and dexterity vary from person to person.

•  Labour cannot be separated from the labourer.

•  Labour is mobile. Man moves from one place to another from a low paid occupation to a high paid occupation.

•  Individual labour has only limited bargaining power. He cannot fight with his employer for a rise in wages or improvement in work-place conditions. However, when workers combine to form trade unions, the bargaining power of labour increases.

 

Division of Labour

The concept ‘Division of Labour’ was introduced by the Adam Smith in his book ‘An enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of nations’.

Division of labour means dividing the process of production into distinct and several component processes and assigning each component in the hands of a labour or a set of labourers, who are specialists in that particular process.





Bike Manufacturing Unit

Example : A Tailor stitches a shirt in full. In the case of Garments exporters, cutting of cloth, stitching of hands, body, collars, holes for buttons, stitching of buttons etc., are done independently by different workers. Therefore, they are combining the parts into a whole shirt.


Activity:

Students are asked to visit the nearest private tailoring shop and Garments Export Industry.Teacher and students are to discuss about the process of making dresses in the tailoring shop and Garments Export Industry.

 

Merits of division of labour

•  It improves efficiency of labour when labour repeats doing the same tasks.

•  Facilities the use of machinery in production, resulting in inventions. Ex. More’s Telegraphic Codes.

•  Time and Materials are put to the best and most efficient use.

 

Demerits of division of labour

•  Repetition of the same task makes labour to feel that the work is monotonous and stale. It kills the humanity in him.

•  Narrow specialization reduces the possibility of labour to find alternative avenues of employment. This results in increased unemployment.

•  Reduce the growth of handicrafts and the worker loses the satisfaction of having made a commodity in full.

 

3. Capital

Capital is the man made physical goods used to produce other goods and services. In the ordinary language, capital means money. In economics, capital refers to that part of man-made wealth which is used for the further production of wealth. All wealth is not capital but all capital is wealth.

According to Marshall, ’Capital consists of those kinds of wealth other than free gifts of nature, which yield income’.



 

Forms of capital

1. Physical Capital or Material Resources Ex. Machinery, tools, buildings, etc.

2. Money capital or Monetary resources Ex. Bank deposits, shares and securities, etc.

3. Human capital or Human Resources Ex. Investments in education, training and health

 

Characteristics of Capital

• Capital is a passive factor of production

• Capital is man-made

• Capital is not an indispensable factor of production

• Capital has the highest mobility • Capital is productive • Capital lasts over time

• Capital involves present sacrifice to get future benefits

 

4. Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is a person who combines the different factors of production (land, labour and capital), in the right proportion and initiates the process of production and also bears the risk involved in it.

The entrepreneur is also called ‘Organizer’. In, modern times, an entrepreneur is called ‘the changing agent of the society’. He is not only responsible for producing the socially desirable output but also to increase the social welfare.


 

Characteristics of Entrepreneur

•  Identifying profitable investible opportunities

 •  Deciding the location of the production unit

•  Making innovations

•  Deciding the reward payment

•  Taking risks and facing uncertainties

Activity: 2

Students are asked to visit some entrepreneurs in their nearest home town and collect the information of his businesses.

Teacher and students discuss about the entrepreneurs.

 

WRAP UP

Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption

• Utility means want satisfying power of a product.

• Utilities are in the nature of form utility, time utility and place utility.

• There are three types of production Primary production, Secondary Production, Tertiary or Service Production

• Inputs are called factors of production.

• Factors of Production Land, Labour, Capital, Organization

• The concept ‘Division of Labour’ was introduced by the Father of Economics Adam Smith in his book ‘An enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of nations’

 

Glossary

1. Production: Manufacture உற்பத்தி

2. Utility: Usefulness பயன்பாடு

3. Organization: Firm நிறுவனம்

4. Entrepreneur: Businessman தொழில்  முனைவோர்

5. Factors: Component காரணிகள்

6. Division: Dividing பகுப்பு

7. Resources: Assets வளங்கள்

 

Reference

H.L.Ahuja-Principles of Micro Economics

K.P.M.Sundharam-Business Economics

K.K.Dewett-Modern Economic Theory

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