Answer the following questions

SOUND

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

IV. Answer briefly:

1. Through which medium sound travels faster, iron or water? Give reason.

Answer: Sound travels faster through iron than water.

Reason: The speed of sound depends on the nature of medium. As Iron is a solid, sound travels faster through iron than Water.

2. Name the physical quantity whose SI unit is ‘hertz’. Define.

Answer: The SI unit of Frequency is Hertz. Frequency is the number of waves produced in one second.

3. What is meant by supersonic speed?

Answer: Supersonic speed is the speed of an object that exceeds the speed of sound in air (330 ms^-1).

4. How does the sound produced by a vibrating object in a medium reach your ears?

Answer: 1.When an object vibrates, it sets the particles of the medium around it vibrating.

2. The vibrating particles in the medium displace from the equilibrium position and exerts pressure on adjacent particles.

3. Thus this process continues in the medium till the sound reaches our ear.

5. You and your friend are on the moon. Will you be able to hear any sound produced by your friend?

Answer: We cannot hear any sound on the moon.

Reason: Absence of atmosphere (medium) in the moon.

V. Answer in detail:

1. Describe with diagram, how compressions and rarefactions are produced.

Answer:

Compressions:

When a vibrating body moves forward, it creates a region of high pressure is known as compressions. In compression, the particles are more densed. Compressions are the region where particles are crowded together.

Rarefaction:

When the vibrating body moves backward, it creates a region of low pressure (i.e) low density of particles. This is called rarefaction. Rarefactions are the regions where particles are spread apart.

2. Verify experimentally the laws reflection of sound.

Answer:

1. Make two identical long pipes using chart paper.

2. Arrange them on a table near wall.

3. Keep a clock near the open end of one pipe and hear the sound of the clock through the other pipe.

4. Adjust the pipe till the sound of the clock heard with more clarity.

5. Now measure the angle of incidence and reflection and see the relationship between the angles.

6. The angle in which the sound is incident is equal to the angle in which sound is reflected.

7. Direction of incident sound, direction of the reflected and the normal are in the same plane.

8. Thus laws of reflection of sound are verified.

3. List the applications of sound.

Answer:

Applications of Ultrasonic Sound

1. Cleaning Technology:

Minute foreign particles can be removed from objects placed in a liquid bath by ultrasonic sound waves.

2. Industry:

To detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks

3. Medicine

(i) Echo cardiography:

Ultrasonic waves are made to reflect from various parts of the heart and form the image of the heart.

(ii) In Kidney:

To break small stones formed in the kidney into fine grains, which is flushed out with urine.

4. Explain how does SONAR work.

Answer:

SONAR is the abbreviation for Sound Navigation And Ranging.

(i) SONAR consists of a transmitter and a detector and they are installed at the bottom of boats and ships.

(ii) The Transmitter produces and transmits the ultrasonic waves to travel through water.

(iii) The detector senses the ultrasonic waves that reflected back after striking the object.

(iv) It converts ultrasonic waves into electrical signals which can be interpreted.

(v) By knowing the speed of sound in water (v) and time interval (t) between transmission and reception of ultrasonic sound, the distance of the object can be calculated by, 2d = v × t

(vi) This method is called echo-ranging.

VI. Numerical problems:

1. The frequency of a source of sound is 600 Hz. Calculate the number of times it vibrates in a minute?

Solution:

Given:

Frequency, v = 600 Hz.

Frequency = Number of vibrations in a second.

Frequency in a minute = Frequency per second × 60

 = 600 Hz × 60

No. of vibrations in a minute = 36,000 Hz (or) 36 kHz.

2. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 750 m high into a pond of water at the base of the tower. Calculate the number of seconds for the splash to be heard? (Given g = 10 m s^-2 and speed of sound = 340 m s^-1)

Solution:

Given:

Height of tower, s = 750 m

Acceleration, g =10 ms^-2

Speed of sound, v = 340 ms^-1

Initial velocity of stone, u =0 (stone at rest)

Consider

(i) Time taken to reach the pond, t_1.

(ii) Time taken by sound to reach top, t₂

According to Equation of Motion, s = ut + (1/2)at²

 Here, s = ut₁ + (1/2) gt₁²

 Substituting the values. 750 = 0 × t₁ +(1/2) × 10 × t₁²

 750= 5t₁²

 t₁² =150

t₁ = 12.25 s

Time taken by sound to reach top t₂ = (s/v) = (750 /340) =2.2 s

 t₂ = 2.2s

Time for splash to be heard at top, t = t₁ +t₂

 t = 12.25 + 2.2

 t = 14.45s

Time for splash to be heard at top, t = 14.45s.

Intext Activities

ACTIVITY - 1

Take a tuning fork and strike its prongs on a rubber pad. Bring it near your ear. Do you hear any sound? Now touch the tuning fork with your finger. What do you feel? Do you feel vibrations?

Aim: To demonstrate the vibration of a molecule.

Materials Required: 1. Tuning fork, 2. Rubber band.

Procedure:

1 .Take a tuning fork and strike its prongs on a rubber pad.

2. Bring it near your ear. Hear the sound.

3. Touch the tuning fork with finger.

4. Try to feel the vibrations.

Observation:

When we strike the tuning fork on the rubber pad, it starts vibrating. The vibrations can be felt.

Conclusion:

Tuning fork vibrates the molecules which will vibrate the nearby molecules.

[Vibration = movement of molecule from mean position].

ACTIVITY - 2

Take a coil or spring and move it forward and backward. What do you observe? You can observe that in some parts of the coil the turns will be closer and in some other parts the turns will be far apart. Sound also travels in a medium in the same manner. We will study about this now. 

Aim: To demonstrate the propagation of Longitudinal wave. (Sound)

Materials required: 1. Coil, 2.Spring

Procedure:

1. Take a coil or spring

2. Move it forward and backward.

Observations:

1. Some parts of the coil, the turns are closer.

2. In other parts, the turns are far apart.

Conclusion:

1. Closer turns represent compressions.

2. Far apart turns are rarefactions.

3. Longitudinal waves propagate through compressions and rarefactions.

ACTIVITY - 3

Listen to the audio of any muscial instruments like flute, nathaswaram, tabla, drums, veena etc., Tabulate the differences between the sounds produced by the various sources.

Aim: To compare the sounds of musical instruments.

Materials required: 1. Flute, 2. Drums, 3. Veena,

Procedure:

1. Hear the instrumental music of flute, drums and veena.

2. Tabulate the difference between the sounds.

Observation:

Conclusion:

Sounds in the different music instruments are characterised by the following qualities such as.

1. Amplitude,

2. Wavelength,

3. Frequency,

4. Pitch,

5. Loudness.