Answer the following questions

MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES

V. Answer in brief:

1. State Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.

Answer: The law states that while stretching the three fingers of left hand in perpendicular manner with each other, if the direction of the current is denoted by middle finger of the left hand and the second finger is for direction of the magnetic field then the thumb of the left hand denotes the direction of the force or movement of the conductor.

2. Define magnetic flux density.

Answer: The number of magnetic field lines crossing unit area kept normal to the direction of field lines is called magnetic flux density. Its unit is Wb/m².

3. List the main parts of an electric motor.

Answer:

Main parts of an electric motor

(i) Field magnet.

(ii) Armature (Rectangular coil)

(iii) Split ring (Commutator)

(iv) Brushes

(v) Battery

4. Draw and label the diagram of an AC generator.

Answer:

PARTS

N, S -  Permanent magnet

A B C D - Rectangular coil or armature.

S_{1 ,} S₂ - Slip rings

B_{1 ,} B₂ - Carbon brushes

5. State the advantages of ac over dc.

Answer:

(i) The cost of generation of AC is less than the cost of generation of DC.

(ii) AC can be easily converted into D.C.

(iii) Only alternating voltage can be stepped up or stepped down by using a transformer.

(iv) AC can be transmitted to distant places without much loss of electric power than DC.

6. Differentiate step up and step down transformer.

Answer:

Step up transformer

1. It is a device used to raise the electric voltage (V_s > V_p).

2. It has more turns on its secondary winding in comparison to the primary one (N_s > N_p).

3. It is used to start the electrical motor and step-up the windings.

4. It takes a lot of voltage to initially start the motor turning. It increases the voltage but decreases the current.

5. It is found is television and in power stations.

Step down transformer

1. It is designed to reduce the voltage (V_s < V_p).

2. It has less turns on the secondary winding (N_s < N_p).

3. It is used to balance the ratio of voltage and current on the primary and secondary windings.

4. The secondary windings has fewer turns which mean low voltage and higher current while it is opposite in the case of the primary winding.

5. It is found in laptops and phone chargers.

7. A portable radio has a built in transformer so that it can work from the mains instead of batteries. Is this a step up or step down transformer? Give reason.

Answer: It is a step down transformer. So that rectified DC voltage is equal to battery voltage, hence it can work on mains as well as on battery.

8. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

Answer:

First law: Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux linked with a coil, an electric current is induced. The induced potential difference lasts so long as there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with the coil.

Second law: The magnitude of the induced current is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil.

VI. Answer in detail:

1. Explain the principle, construction and working of a dc motor.

Answer:

 Principle: An electric motor works on the principle that a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. The direction of force is given by Fleming's left hand rule.

Construction: An electric motor consists of the following main parts:

 Armature: It is a rectangular coil ABCD having a large number of turns of this insulated copper wire wound over a soft iron core. The armature is placed between the poles of the field magnet and it can be rotated about an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field lines.

Split rings (commutators): It consists of a cylindrical metal ring split into two halves S₁ & S₂. As the coil rotates, the split rings also rotate about the same axis of rotation. The function of the split ring is to reverse the direction of current in the coil after every half rotation.

Carbon brushes: Two graphite or flexible metal rods maintain a sliding contact with split rings S₁ and S₂ alternately.

Battery: A battery of few cells is connected to the brushes. The current from the battery flows to the armature coil through the brushes and the split rings. 

Working: A simple coil is placed inside two poles of a magnet. Now look at the current carrying conductor segment AB. The direction of the current is towards B, whereas in the conductor segment CD the direction is opposite. As the current is flowing in opposite directions in the segments AB and CD, the direction of the motion of the segments would be in opposite directions according to Fleming’s left hand rule. When two ends of the coil experience force in opposite direction, they rotate. If the current flow is along the line ABCD, then the coil will rotate in clockwise direction first and then in anticlockwise direction. If we want to make the coil rotate in any one direction, say clockwise, then the direction of the current should be along ABCD in the first half of the rotation and along DCBA in the second half of the rotation.

When the gap in the split ring commutator is aligned with terminals X and Y there is no flow of current in the coil. But, as the coil is moving, it continues to move forward bringing one of the split ring commutator in contact with the carbon brushes X and Y. The reversing of the current is repeated at each half rotation, giving rise to a continuous rotation of the coil.

2. Explain two types of transformer.

Answer:

 Step up transformer: The transformer used to change a low alternative voltage to a high alternating voltage is called a step up transformer. ie (Vs >Vp). In a step up transformer, the number of turns in the secondary coil is more than the number of turns in the primary coil (Ns > Np).

Step down transformer: The transformer used to change a high alternating voltage to a low alternating voltage is called a step down transformer (Vs< Vp). In a step down transformer, the number of turns in the secondary coils are less than the number of turns in the primary coil (Ns <Np).

3. Draw a neat diagram of an AC generator and explain its working.

Answer:

(i) An alternating current (AC) generator, as shown in, consists of a rotating rectangular coil ABCD called armature placed between the two poles of a permanent magnet. 

(ii) The two ends of this coil are connected to two slip rings S₁ and S2. The inner sides of these rings are insulated.

(iii) Two conducting stationary brushes B₁ and B₂ are kept separately on the rings S₁ and S2 respectively.

(iv) The two rings S₁ and S₂ are internally attached to an axle.

(v) The axle may be mechanically rotated from outside to rotate the coil inside the magnetic field. Outer ends of the two brushes are connected to the external circuit.

(vi) When the coil is rotated, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. This change in magnetic flux will lead to generation of induced current.

(vii) The direction of the induced current, as given by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, is along ABCD in the coil and in the outer circuit it flows from B₂ to B_1.

(viii) During the second half of rotation, the direction of current is along DCBA in the coil and in the outer circuit it flows from B₁ to B₂.

(ix) As the rotation of the coil continues, the induced current in the external circuit is changing its direction for every half a rotation of the coil.

Intext Activities

ACTIVITY - 1

Put a magnet on a table and place some paper clips nearby. If you push the magnet slowly towards the paper clips, there will be a point at which the paper clips jump across and stick to the magnet. What do you understand from this?

Aim:

To study the property of a magnet.

Materials required:

Strong bar magnet, paper clips.

Procedure: Case (i)

(i) Put a bar magnet on a table and place some paper clips nearby.

(ii) If you push the magnet slowly towards the paper clips, there will be a point at which the paper clips jump across and stick to the magnet. What do you understand from this?

Conclusion:

(i) From the above activity, we can conclude that magnets have an invisible field all around them which attracts magnetic materials.

(ii) In this space we can feel the force of attraction or repulsion due to the magnet.

(iii) Thus magnetic field is the region around the magnet where its magnetic influence can be felt. It is called as magnetic field.

ACTIVITY - 2

Take a cardboard and thread a wire perpendicular through it. Connect the wire such that current flows up the wire. Switch on the circuit. Let the current flow. Place a magnetic compass on the cardboard and mark the position. Now move magnet and mark the new position. If you join all the points you will find that it is a circle. Reverse the direction of the current, you will find the magnetic circles are clockwise. 

Aim:

To observe the magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current.

Materials required:

Thick copper wire (conductor), some connecting wires, battery, key, white cardboard, magnetic compass.

Procedure:

(i) Fix a white cardboard horizontally.

(ii) Make a small hole at its centre.

(iii) Pass the thick copper wire through the hole, perpendicular to the cardboard.

(iv) Join the ends of the thick copper wire to a battery and a key with the help of some connecting wires.

(v) Switch on the circuit. Let the current flow.

(vi) Place a magnetic compass on the cardboard.

(vii) Mark S and N point of the compass X and Y respectively on the cardboard.

(viii) Move the compass such that S end touches Y.

(ix) Now mark the N end as Z. In the next step move the compass such that S end touch Z. Repeat the steps.

(x) Now join all the points. What do you observe?

(xi) Now keep the compass away from the centre and follow.

Observation:

(i) It is seen that it is a circle.

(ii) We can draw another magnetic line and the magnetic lines are concentric circles and also we will find the magnetic lines are anti-clockwise.

(iii) When the direction of current is reversed, the direction of magnetic lines of force are clockwise.

ACTIVITY-3

Create your own electromagnet

You are given a long iron nail, insulation coated copper wire and a battery. Can you make your own electromagnet?

Aim:

To create your own electromagnet.

Materials required:

Iron nail, insulated coated copped wire, battery and paper clips.

Procedure:

(i) Take an iron nail, wind ten or more loops of insulated copper wire around it. However, make sure not to be make the diameter of the loop more than a centimetre in width.

(ii) Connect the ends of the wire to a key and a battery.

(iii) Switch on the key and bring some paper clips close to the nail.

(iv) Switch off the key. What do you observe?

Observation:

When the key is switched on, the electromagnet attracts the paper clips due to the current flowing through the coil wound around the iron nail. When the key is switched off, the paper clips detach from the iron nail.

Conclusion:

Thus an electro magnet is a temporary magnet which behaves as a magnet in the presence of electric current.