Answer the following questions

Object Oriented Programming with C++

Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Techniques

Evaluation

PART II

Answer to all the questions (2 Marks):

1. How is modular programming different from procedural programming paradigm?

Answer: (i) Procedural means a list of instructions were given to the computer to do something. Procedural programming aims more at procedures. This emphasis on doing things.

(ii) Modular programming consist of a list of instructions that instructs the computer to do something. But this Paradigm consits of multiple modules, each module has a set of functions of related types. Data is hidden under the modules. Arrangement of data can be changed only by modifying the module.

2. Differentiate classes and objects.

Answer: (i) Class: A Class is a construct in C++ which is used to bind data and its associated function together into a single unit using the encapsulation concept. Class is a user defined data type. Class represents a group of similar objects.

(ii) Objects : Represents data and its associated function together into a single unit. Objects are the basic unit of oop. Basically an object is created from a class. They are instances of class also called as class variables.

3. What is polymorphism?

Answer: Polymorphism is the ability of a message or function to be displayed in more than one form.

4. How is encapsulation and abstraction are interrelated?

Answer: Classes use the concept of abstraction to define a list of abstract attributes and function which operate on these attribute. They encapsulate all the essential properties of the object that are to be created.

5. Write the disadvantages of OOP.

Answer: (i) Size : Object Oriented Programs are much larger than other programs.

(ii) Effort: Object Oriented Programs require a lot of work to create.

(iii) Speed: Object Oriented Programs are slower than other programs, because of their size.

PART III

Answer to all the questions (3 Marks):

1. What is paradigm ?Mention the different types of paradigm.

Answer: Paradigm means organizing principle of a program. It is an approach to programming. There are different approaches available for problem solving using computer. They are Procedural programming, Modular Programming and Object Oriented Programming.

2. Write a note on the features of procedural programming.

Answer:

(i) Programs are organized in the form of subroutines or sub programs.

(ii) All data items are global.

(iii) Suitable for small sized software application.

(iv) Difficult to maintain and enhance the program code as any change in data type needs to be propagated to all subroutines that use the same data type. This is time consuming.

(v) Example: FORTRAN and COBAL.

3. List some of the features of modular programming

Answer:

(i) Emphasis on algorithm rather than data.

(ii) Programs are divided into individual modules.

(iii) Each modules are independent of each other and have their own local data.

(iv) Modules can work with its own data as well as with the data passed to it.

(v) Example: Pascal and C.

4. What do you mean by modularization and software reuse?

Answer:

(i) Modularisation: where the program can be decomposed into modules.

(ii) Software re-use: where a program can be composed from existing and new modules.

5. Define information hiding.

Answer: Encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class. The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are wrapped in the class can access it. These functions provide the interface between the object’s data and the program. This encapsulation of data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding. 

PART IV

Answer to all the questions (5 Marks):

1. Write the differences between Object Oriented Programming and procedural programming

Procedural programming

• It deals with algorithms.

• Programs are divided into functions.

• Data move from function to function.

• It is top down approach.

• Do not have any access specifiers.

• Less secure

• It follows No over loading

• Data can move freely from function to function in the system.

• Importance is not given to data but to functions as well as sequence of actions to be done

• Example : C,VB, Fortran, Pascal, Cobol

Object Oriented Programming

• It deals with data.

• Programs are divided into objects.

• Functions that operate on data are bind to form classes.

• It is Bottom up approach.

• It has access specifiers like private, public and protected.

• More secure.

• If follows operator over loading and function overloading.

• In OOP, objects can move and communicate with each other through member functions.

• Importance is given to data rather than procedures or functions because it works as a real world.

• Example : C++, JAVA, VB.NET, C#.NET, Python

2. What are the advanatges of OOPs?

Answer:

Advantages of OOP:

(i) Re-usability: "Write once and use it multiple times" you can achieve this by using class.

(ii) Redundancy: Inheritance is the good feature for data redundancy. If you need a same functionality in multiple class you can write a common class for the same functionality and inherit that class to sub class.

(iii) Easy Maintenance: It is easy to maintain and modify existing code as new objects can be created with small difference to existing ones.

(ii) Security: Using data hinding and abstraction only necessary data will be provided thus maintains the security of data.

3. Write a note on the basic concepts that suppors OOPs?

Answer: Basic Concepts of OOP : The Object Oriented Programing has been developed to overcome the drawbacks of procedural and modular programming. It is widely accepted that object-oriented programming is the most important and powerful way of creating software.

The Object-Oriented Programming approach mainly encourages:

(i) Modularisation : Where the program can be decomposed into modules.

(ii) Software re-use: Where a program can be composed from existing and new modules.

(iii) Main Features of Object Oreitned Programming : Data Abstraction, Encapsulation, Modularity, Inheritance, Polymorphism

(iv) Encapsulation : The mechanism by which the data and functions are bound together into a single unit is known as Encapsulation. It implements abstraction.

Encapsulation is about binding the data variables and functions together in class. It can also be called data binding.

Encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class. The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are wrapped in the class can access it. These functions provide the interface between the object's data and the program. This encapsulation of data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding.

(v) Data Abstraction : Abstraction refers to showing only the essential features without revelaing background details. Classes use the concept of abstraction to define a list of abstract attributes and function which operate on these attributes. They encapsulate all the essential properties of the object that are to be created. The attributes are called data members because they hold information. The functions that operate on these data are called methods or member function.

(vi) Modularity : Modularity is designing a system that is divided into a set of functional units (named modules) that can be composed into a larger application.

(vii) Inheritance : Inheritance is the technique of building new classes (derived class) from an existing Class (base class). The most important advantage of inheritance is code reusability

(viii) Polymorphism : Polymorphism is the ability of a message or function to be displayed in more than one form.