Application Of Clay Products
Universal availability of raw
materials, comparative simplicity of manufacture and excellent durability of
ceramic materials have put them in the forefront among other constructional
materials. The high strength and durability of clay products underlie their
wide use in the various elements of buildings, such as walls, wall and floor
facing materials, lining materials for chemical industry apparatus, chimney,
light porous aggregates for roofing, and sewer pipes. The various applications
of clay products in the building industry are as follows.
1. Wall
materials. The examples are common clay brick, perforated clay brick, porous
and perforated stiff-mud brick, hollow clay dry-press brick. Perforated plastic
moulded ceramic stones and light weight building brick. Clay brick accounts for
half of the total output of wall materials. Structural properties of hollow
clay products and low heat losses through air-filled voids (particularly at
subzero temperatures) provide great possibilities for reducing the thickness
and the weight of exterior walls. Ceramic facing tiles remain the chief
finishing material for sanitary and many other purposes and are still in great
use for external facing of buildings.
Brick for
special purposes. The
example are curved
clay brick, stones
for sewage installations
(underground sewer pipes) brick for road surface (clinker).
3. Hollow
clay products for floors. The examples are stones for close-ribbed floors
(prefabricated or monolithic), stones for reinforced ceramic beams, sub
flooring stones (fillers between beams).
4. Facade
decoration. The examples are glazed or non-glazed varieties subdivided in to
facing brick and ceramic stones, floor ceramics, small-size ceramic tiles,
ceramic plates for facades and window-sill drip stones.
5. Clay
products for interior decoration. The examples are tiles for facing walls,
built-in parts, large floor tiles and mosaic floor tiles.
6. Roof
materials. The examples are common clay roof tiles for covering slopes of
roofs, ridge tiles for covering ridges and ribs, valley tiles for covering
valleys, end tiles ("halves" and "jambs") for closing row
of tiles, special tiles.
7. Acid-resistant
lining items. The examples are common acid-resistant brick, acid-resistant and
heat-and-acid-resistant ceramic shaped tiles for special purposes, ceramic
acid-resistant pipes and companion shapes.
8. Sanitary
clay items. Sanitary ware items are manufactured mainly form white-burning
refractory clay, kaolins, quartz and feldspar. There are three groups of
sanitary ceramics: faience, semi-porcelain and porcelain, which differ in
degree of caking and, as a consequence, in porosity. Items from faience have a
porous shell, and items from porcelain, a solid shell, while those from
semi-porcelain are of intermediate densities. The various degrees of caking of
faience, porcelain and semi-porcelain, made of the same raw materials, are due
to the latter's different proportions in the working mass.
Solid faience is used mainly to manufacture toilet
bowls, wash basins, toilet tanks and bath tubs. Items are glazed, since
unglazed faience is water permeable. Semi-porcelain items feature excellent
hygienic and mechanical properties being intermediate between those of faience
and porcelain. Porcelain outer shell is impervious to water and gases and
possesses high mechanical strength and resistance to heat and chemical agent. Porcelain
is used to manufacture insulators for power transmission lines, chemical
laboratory vessels, etc.
9. Aggregate for concrete. Creamiste (manufactured from low-heat clay), a light weight porous material forms excellent aggregate for light weight concrete.
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