Fluid Mechanics and Machinery - CE25C12

 

CE25C12:

Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

 

Course Objective:

To introduce the students about properties of the fluids, behaviour of the fluids under statics, kinematics and dynamic conditions. To expose to the applications of the conservation laws to flow measurements, flow through pipes and forces on pipe bends. To impart basic knowledge to the students about the working principles and performance characteristics of hydraulic machineries.

 

Fluids Properties and Fluid Statics: Types and properties of fluids, Viscosity, Surface tension and Compressibility, Basics of Compressible flow Fluid statics, Concept of fluid pressure, Manometers, Forces on plane and curved surfaces, Buoyancy and floatation, Stability of floating bodies, metacentric height and its determination.

Activity: Mini case study on buoyancy applications in ships/submarines, Problem-solving using simulation tools for pressure distribution.

Practical: Determination of metacentric height

 

Fluid Kinematics and Dynamics: Kinematics: Classification of fluid flows, Eulerian and Lagrangian approach, concept of control volume and system, Velocity and acceleration, Stream function and velocity potentials, Flow nets; Dynamics: Application of control volume to continuity, energy and momentum, Euler’s equation of motion along a stream line, Bernoulli’s equation, Applications to velocity and discharge measurements, Linear momentum equation.

Activity: Group activity on Bernoulli-based engineering applications (aircraft wing, carburetor, atomizer, etc., software demonstration for flow patterns.

Practical: Determination of coefficient of discharge of a venturimeter.

 

Flow Through Pipes and Boundary Layer: Reynold’s Experiment, Laminar flow through circular conduits, Hagen Poiseuille equation, Darcy-Weisbach equation, Moody diagram, Major and minor losses of flow in pipes, Hydraulic gradient and total energy gradient, Pipes in series and parallel, Equivalent pipes, Boundary layer concepts, types of boundary layer thickness.

Activity: Pipe network design exercise using campus/building water supply layout, Industrial case study on pipeline losses and leakage reduction.

Practical: Determination of friction factor for flow through pipes.

Dimensional Analysis: Fundamental dimensions, Dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh’s method and Buckingham Pi theorem, Dimensionless parameters, Similitude and model studies, Distorted and undistorted models

Activity: Model-making activity demonstrating similitude concepts, Group exercise on identifying dimensionless numbers in engineering systems.

 

Turbines: Impact of jets, Velocity triangles, Theory of rotodynamic machines, Classification of turbines, Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine, working principles, Work done by water on the runner, Efficiencies, Draft tube, Specific speed, Performance curves for turbines.

Activity: Virtual demonstration of Turbines.

Practical: Characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine

Pumps: Classification of pumps, Centrifugal pumps, working principle, Heads and efficiencies, Work done by the impeller, NPSH, Minimum speed to start the pump, Pumps connected in series and parallel, Performance curves, Reciprocating pump working principle, Indicator diagram and its variations, Air vessels - Work saved by air vessels.

Activity: Virtual demonstration of Pumps.

Practical:

1. Characteristics of centrifugal pumps

2. Characteristics of reciprocating pump

 

Tasks:

T1. Design a water supply pipeline system for a residential building, considering flow rate, head loss, and pipe sizing.

T2. Design a flow measurement system using a venturimeter or orifice meter for an industrial application to determine discharge accurately.

T3. Select and design a hydraulic turbine system (Pelton/Francis/Kaplan) for a small hydroelectric power plant based on site conditions.

T4. Design a pumping system (centrifugal or reciprocating) for irrigation or water transfer, considering head, discharge, and efficiency.

 

Weightage: Continuous Assessment: 50%, End Semester Examinations: 50%

Assessment Methodology: Written Test (40%), Practical (30%), Activity (30%).

Practical: Lab Experiments (50%), Tasks (50%) (Each student must complete a minimum of two tasks).

Activity: Review of GATE/ESE Questions (10%), Mini Project/ Quiz/ Assignment Programs/ Flipped Class /Seminar Presentation (20%)

 

References:

1. P. N. Modi and S. M. Seth, Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic Machines, 23rd Edition, Standard Book House, New Delhi, 2022.

2. A. K. Jain, Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic Machines, 12th Edition, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2022.

3. S. K. Som, Gautam Biswas and S. Chakraborty, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill Education, Chennai, 2024.

4. B. S. Pani, Fluid Mechanics: A Concise Introduction, 2nd Edition, PHI Learning Private Limited, 2021.

5. A. K. Jain, Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic Machines, 12th Edition, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2022.

6. V. L. Streeter, E. B. Wylie and K. W. Bedford, Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition, McGraw Hill Education, New Delhi, 2017.

 

E-resources:

1. https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc25_ce107/preview

2. https://elearn.nptel.ac.in/shop/nptel/introduction-to-fluid-mechanics/

3. https://opencw.aprende.org/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-06-fluid-dynamics-spring-2013/

4. https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/112105171/112105171.html

5. https://fm-hfs-iitb.vlabs.ac.in/

https://archive.nptel.ac.in/content/syllabus_pdf/105101082.pdf