WATER REQUIRED TO COMPENSATE IN THEFTS, WASTES, etc..
It
includes the water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing or damaged meters,
stolen water due to unauthorized water connections and other losses and wastes,
etc…. These losses should be taken into account while estimating the total
requirement. These losses can be reduced by careful maintenance and universal
metering. Even in the best managed water works this amount is usually taken as
15% of the total consumption.
DESIGN PERIOD
A Water
supply scheme includes huge and costly structures like dams, reservoirs,
treatment works, penstocks etc…., which cannot be replaced or increased in
their capacities, easily and conveniently for example. The water mains
including distribution pipes are laid underground and cannot be replaces or
added easily without digging the road or disrupting the traffic. In order to
avoid these future complications of expansions, various components of w.s.s are
purposely made larger, so as to satisfy the community meets for a reasonable
years to come. The future period or the number of years for which a provision
is made in designing the capacities of the various component of the w.s.s. is
known as DESIGN PERIOD. It should be neither too long nor should it be too
short. Normally 20-30 years is considered for distribution system.
PER CAPITA DEMAND (RATE OF DEMAND) (Q)
It is the
annual average amount of daily water required by one person and includes the
domestic use, industrial and commercial use, public use, wastes, thefts, etc…
=
Per capita Demand in litres/day/head =
Total
yearly water requirement of the citty in Litres / 365xDesign population
q=V/365P
For an Average.Indian town. As per
I.S recommendations the per capita demand may be taken as given in table below.
USE CONSUMPTION (LPCD)
Domestic use 135
Industrial use 50
Commercial use 20
Civic or public use 10
Waste, theft. Etc… 55
Total 270 lpcd
The above figure or 270 lpcd when
multiplied by the population at the end of the design period shall give the
total annual average water requirement of the city/day. When multiplied by 365
will give the volume of the yearly water requirement in litres.
Generally
the per capita demand valuesranges between 10-300 lpcd. These variations in
total water consumption of different cities or towns depend upon various
factors.
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITAL DEMAND
1. Size and type of city
2. Climatic conditions
3. Class of consumers
4. Quality of water
5. Pressure in the distribution system
6. Sewerage Facilities
7. System of supply
8. Policy of metering system
9. Cost of water
PROBLEM ON RATE OF DEMAND
Work out
the rate of demand of water for an average Indian city. Make your own
assumptions wherever necessary.
Soln: The total requirement of water
for various purposes is worked out separately as under.
PURPOSE CONSUMPTION (lpcd)
1.DOMESTIC 5
Drinking 5
Cooking 55
Bathing 30
Washing
Clothes and utensils 10
Washing
and Cleaning of houses Flushing of latrines 30
Total
: 135
2.
CIVIl or PUBLIC
a.
Road washing 5
b.
Sanitation purpose 3
c.
ornamental purpose 1
d.
fire demand 1
Total:
10
3.
Industrial purposes 50
4.
commercial purposes 20
5.
waste, theft, etc… 55
Total 270 Lpcd
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