Modeling of TCSC(Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor)

MODELING OF TCSC

A TCSC involves continuous-time dynamics, relating to voltages and currents in the capacitor and reactor, and nonlinear, discrete switching behavior of thyristors. Deriving an appropriate model for such a controller is an intricate task.

1. Variable-Reactance Model

1.1  Introduction

^Ø  A TCSC model for transient- and oscillatory-stability studies, used widely for its simplicity, is the variable-reactance model depicted in Fig.

^Ø  In this quasi-static approximation model, the TCSC dynamics during power-swing frequencies are modeled by a variable reactance at fundamental frequency.

^Ø  The other dynamics of the TCSC model—the variation of the TCSC response with different firing angles.

^Ø  It is assumed that the transmission system operates in a sinusoidal steady state, with the only dynamics associated with generators and PSS.

^Ø  This assumption is valid, because the line dynamics are much faster than the generator dynamics in the frequency range of 0.1–2 Hz that are associated with angular stability studies.

^Ø  As described previously, the reactance-capability curve of a single-module TCSC, as depicted in Fig. exhibits a discontinuity between the inductive and capacitive regions.

^Ø  However, this gap is lessened by using a multimode TCSC. The variable-reactance TCSC model assumes the availability of a continuous-reactance range and is therefore applicable for multi module TCSC configurations.

^Ø  This model is generally used for inter-area mode analysis, and it provides high accuracy when the reactance-boost factor (=XTCSC/ XC) is less than 1.5.

2. Transient – Stability Model

^Ø   In the variable-reactance model for stability studies, a reference value of TCSC reactance, X_ref, is generated from a power-scheduling controller based on the power-flow specification in the transmission line.

^Ø   The reference X_ref value may also be set directly by manual control in response to an order from an energy-control center, and it essentially represents the initial operating point of the TCSC; it does not include the reactance of FCs (if any).

^Ø   The reference value is modified by an additional input, X_mod, from a modulation controller for such purposes as damping enhancement.

^Ø   Another input signal, this applied at the summing junction, is the open-loop auxiliary signal, X_aux, which can be obtained from an external power-flow controller.

^Ø   A desired magnitude of TCSC reactance, X_des, is obtained that is implemented after a finite delay caused by the firing controls and the natural response of the TCSC. This delay is modeled by a lag circuit having a time constant,T_TCSC, of typically 15–20 ms .

^Ø   The output of the lag block is subject to variable limits based on the TCSC reactance-capability curve shown in Fig.

^Ø   The resulting XTCSC is added to the X_fixed, which is the reactance of the TCSC installation’s FC component.

^Ø   To obtain per-unit values, the TCSC reactance is divided by the TCSC base reactance, Z_base, given as

where ,

kV_TCSC = the rms line–line voltage of the TCSC in kilovolts (kV) 

MVA_sys = the 3-phase MVA base of the power system

^Ø   The TCSC model assigns a positive value to the capacitive reactance, so X_total is multiplied by a negative sign to ensure consistency with the convention used in load-flow and stability studies.

^Ø   The TCSC initial operating point, X_ref, for the stability studies is chosen as

^Ø   The reactance capability curve of the multimodal TCSC shown in Fig. can be simply approximated by the capability curve shown in Fig.

^Ø   This figure can be conveniently used for the variable-reactance model of TCSC, and the capability curve that the figure depicts includes the effect of TCSC transient overload levels.

^Ø   It should be noted that the reactance limit for high currents is depicted in Fig. as a group of discrete points for the different modules.

^Ø   During periods of over current, only some TCSC modules move into the bypassed mode, for the bypassing of a module causes the line current to decrease and thus reduces the need for the remaining TCSC modules to go into the bypass mode.

^Ø   However, for the case of modeling, only one continuous-reactance limit—denoted by a vertical line in Fig is considered for all TCSC modules.

^Ø   All reactance are expressed in per units on XC; all voltages, in per units on IL_rated. X_C and all currents, in amps. In the capacitive region, the different TCSC reactance constraints are caused by the following:

1. The limit on the TCSC firing angle, represented by constant reactance limit X_max 0.

2.  The limit on the TCSC voltage VC_tran. The corresponding reactance constraint is give by

3.The limit on the line current (ILtran) beyond which the TCSC transpires into the protective-bypass mode:

^Ø   The effective capacitive-reactance limit is finally obtained as a minimum of the following limits:

^Ø   In the inductive region, the TCSC operation is restricted by the following limits:

o  The limit on the firing angle, represented by a constant-reactance limit Xmin 0.

o   The harmonics-imposed limit, represented by a constant-TCSC-voltage limit VL_tran. The equivalent-reactance constraint is given by

3. Long - Term – Stability Model

^Ø   The capability curves of the TCSC depend on the duration for which the voltage- and current-operating conditions persist on the TCSC.

^Ø   In general, two time-limited regions of TCSC operation exist: the transient-overload region, lasting 3–10 s, and the temporary-overload region, lasting 30 min; both are followed by the continuous region. For long-term dynamic simulations, an overload-management function needs to be incorporated in the control system.

^Ø   This function keeps track of the TCSC variables and their duration of application, and it also determines the appropriate TCSC overload range, for which it modifies the X_max limit and X_min limit. It then applies the same modifications to the controller.

^Ø   The variable-reactance model does not account for the inherent dependence of TCSC response time on the operating conduction angle.

^Ø   Therefore, entirely incorrect results may be obtained for the high-conduction-angle operation of the TCSC or for whenever the power-swing frequency is high (>2 Hz) .

^Ø   However, the model is used widely in commercial stability programs because of its simplicity, and it is also used for system-planning studies as well as for initial investigations of the effects of the TCSC in damping-power oscillations.

^Ø   A reason for the model’s widespread use lies in the assumption that controls designed to compensate the TCSC response delay are always embedded in the control system by the manufacturer and are therefore ideal.

^Ø   Hence the response predicted by the model is a true replica of actual performance.

^Ø   In situations where this assumption is not satisfied, a more detailed stability model is required that accurately represents the inherent slow response of the TCSC.