WATER TREATMENT: WATER PURIFICATION
Water purification is
the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological
contaminants from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a
specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water)
but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes,
including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and
industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes
such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes such as slow sand
filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as flocculation and
chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet
light.
The purification
process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including
suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi; and a range of
dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that water may
have made contact with after falling as rain.
The standards for drinking water quality are
typically set by governments or by international standards. These standards
will typically set minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants for the
use that is to be made of the water.
It is not possible to tell whether water is of an
appropriate quality by visual examination. Simple procedures such as boiling or
the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating
all the possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown
source. Even natural spring water - considered safe for all practical purposes
in the 19th century - must now be tested before determining what kind of
treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical analysis, while expensive, is the only
way to obtain the information necessary for deciding on the appropriate method
of purification.
According to a 2007 World Health Organization
report, 1.1 billion people lack access to an improved drinking water supply,
88% of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe
water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, and 1.8 million people die from
diarrheal diseases each year. The WHO estimates that 94% of these diarrheal
cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including
access to safe water.[1] Simple techniques for treating water at
home, such as chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, and storing it in
safe containers could save a huge number of lives each year.[2]
Reducing deaths from waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in
developing countries.
ADVANCED WASTE WATER TREATMENT - REMOVAL
OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS
1. Microstraining
2. Coagulation
and flocculation
3. Filtration
4. Removal
of dissolved solids
5. Ion
exchange
6. Reverse
osmosis
7. Electrodialysis
8. Removal
of nitrogen
9. Phosphate
removal (chemical treatment)
10.
Phosphate removal (biological treatment)
11.
Removal of dissolved organic compounds
12.
Adsorption
13.
Sludge treatment and disposal
14.
Disinfection.
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