Home | | Mechanics of Solids | Types Of Stresses

Chapter: Civil : Mechanics Of Solids : Stress, Strain And Deformation Of Solids

Types Of Stresses

Only two basic stresses exists : (1) normal stress and (2) shear shear stress.

TYPES OF STRESSES :

 

Only two basic stresses exists : (1) normal stress and (2) shear shear stress. Other stresses either are similar to these basic stresses or are a combination of these e.g. bending stress is a combination tensile, compressive and shear stresses. Torsional stress, as encountered in twisting of a shaft is a shearing stress.

Let us define the normal stresses and shear stresses in the following sections.

 

Normal stresses : We have defined stress as force per unit area. If the stresses are normal to the areas concerned, then these are termed as normal stresses. The normal stresses are generally denoted by a Greek letter ( s )

 

This is also known as uniaxial state of stress, because the stresses acts only in one direction however, such a state rarely exists, therefore we have biaxial and triaxial state of stresses where either the two mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts or three mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts as shown in the figures below :

 

Tensile or compressive stresses :

 

The normal stresses can be either tensile or compressive whether the stresses acts out of the area or into the area

 

Bearing Stress : When one object presses against another, it is referred to a bearing stress ( They are in fact the compressive stresses ).

 

Shear stresses :

 

Let us consider now the situation, where the cross - sectional area of a block of material is subject to a distribution of forces which are parallel, rather than normal, to the area concerned. Such forces are associated with a shearing of the material, and are referred to as shear forces. The resulting force interistes are known as shear stresses.

 

The resulting force intensities are known as shear stresses, the mean shear stress being equal to

 

Where P is the total force and A the area over which it acts.

 

Stress is defined as the force per unit area. Thus, the formula for calculating stress is:

 

s= F/A

 

Where s denotes stress, F is load and A is the cross sectional area. The most commonly used units for stress are the SI units, or Pascals (or N/m2), although other units like psi (pounds per square inch) are sometimes used.

 

Forces may be applied in different directions such as:

 

Tensile or stretching

                  Compressive or squashing/crushing

 

                  Shear or tearing/cutting

 

                  Torsional or twisting

 

This gives rise to numerous corresponding types of stresses and hence measure/quoted strengths. While data sheets often quote values for strength (e.g compressive strength), these values are purely uniaxial, and it should be noted that in real life several different stresses may be acting.

 

Tensile Strength

 

The tensile strength is defined as the maximum tensile load a body can withstand before failure divided by its cross sectional area. This property is also sometimes referred to Ultimate Tensile Stress or UTS.

 

Typically, ceramics perform poorly in tension, while metals are quite good. Fibres such as glass, Kevlar and carbon fibre are often added polymeric materials in the direction of the tensile force to reinforce or improve their tensile strength.

 

Compressive Strength

 

Compressive strength is defined as the maximum compressive load a body can bear prior to failure, divided by its cross sectional area.

 

Ceramics typically have good tensile strengths and are used under compression e.g. concrete.

 

Shear Strength

 

Shear strength is the maximum shear load a body can withstand before failure occurs divided by its cross sectional area.

 

This property is relevant to adhesives and fasteners as well as in operations like the guillotining of sheet metals.

 

Torsional Strength

 

Torsional strength is the maximum amount of torsional stress a body can withstand before it fails, divided by its cross sectional area.

 

This property is relevant for components such as shafts.

 

Yield Strength

 

Yield strength is defined as the stress at which a material changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation. Once the this point, known as the yield point is exceeded, the materials will no longer return to its original dimensions after the removal of the stress.

Stress is defined as the force per unit area. Thus, the formula for calculating stress is:

 

Where s denotes stress, F is load and A is the cross sectional area. The most commonly used units for stress are the SI units, or Pascals (or N/m2), although other units like psi (pounds per square inch) are sometimes used.

 

Forces may be applied in different directions such as:

 

                  Tensile or stretching

 

                  Compressive or squashing/crushing

 

                  Shear or tearing/cutting

 

                  Torsional or twisting

 

This gives rise to numerous corresponding types of stresses and hence measure/quoted strengths. While data sheets often quote values for strength (e.g compressive strength), these values are purely uniaxial, and it should be noted that in real life several different stresses may be acting.


Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail
Civil : Mechanics Of Solids : Stress, Strain And Deformation Of Solids : Types Of Stresses |


Privacy Policy, Terms and Conditions, DMCA Policy and Compliant

Copyright © 2018-2024 BrainKart.com; All Rights Reserved. Developed by Therithal info, Chennai.