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Zoology - Summary and Case Study - Excretion | 11th Zoology : Chapter 8 : Excretion

Chapter: 11th Zoology : Chapter 8 : Excretion

Summary and Case Study - Excretion

Epithelial tissues are the interface between internal fluids and the external environment, creating osmotic barriers in lower organisms.

Summary

Epithelial tissues are the interface between internal fluids and the external environment, creating osmotic barriers in lower organisms. Other specialized epithelial tissues that mediate osmotic and ionic regulation are gills, digestive tract and specialized excretory tissues in different animal groups. Animals remove toxic ammonia to less toxic forms by excretion. Three main strategies of nitrogen excretion are ammonoteles (ammonium), Uricoteles (uric acid) and Ureotelism (Urea). Most aquatic animals are ammonotelic, whereas terrestrial animals are uricotelic (reptiles and birds) or ureoteles (mammals). Urea is produced by the Ornithine cycle/Urea cycle in the liver.

Invertebrates have primitive kidneys such as protonephridia and metanephridia. Water balance in insects is regulated by Malphigian tubules. Ion and water regulation in vertebrates are carried out by the kidneys. The functional units of kidney is the nephron. Urine is formed by 3 processes, Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Filtration occurs at the glomerulus, a ball of capillaries surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule. From the Bowman’s capsule the primary urine enters the proximal tubule, and proceeds to the loop of Henle, with its ascending and descending limbs. The hypertonic fluid then flows to the distal tubule and through the collecting duct into the ureters, the urinary bladder, after a short storage it is sent out of the urethra. Central to the nephron is the counter current system set up between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct along with the capillaries that serve the nephron.

Kidney function is regulated at different levels. GFR is affected by colloidal osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, surface area available for filtration are the factors that affect filtration pressure. The kidneys act only on the plasma, yet the extra cellular fluid consists of both plasma and interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is the true internal fluid environment of the body. Interstitial fluid is the only component that comes in direct contact with the cells. Thus by performing regulatory and excretory roles on the plasma, the kidneys maintains the proper interstitial fluid environment for optimum cell functioning.

Various hormones control diuresis. Vasopressin alters the permeability of the collecting duct, the renin- angiotensin system, sympathetic system and aldosterone act together to regulate Na+, K+, water and pressure balance.

 

CASE STUDY

Both the kidneys of Ravi (28 years) were not functioning and he was undergoing dialysis. He was admitted to a hospital with renal failure. His mother Suganthi (47 years) was willing to donate one of her kidneys to her son after she was given counseling. Their blood groups were matching and later approval was obtained from transplant committee and technical committee. Operation was performed for 5 hrs.

 

He was administered with immunosuppressive drugs and anti inflammatory drugs.

 

He recovered from the operation and returned home.

 

1.              Name the disease Ravi was suffering from.

 

2.              What relation is the donor of the kidney

 

3.              Name the type of matching done to perform the transplant.

 

4.              Why approval has to be got from transplant committee and technical committee?

 

5.              What do you think about Suganthi donating her kidney?

 

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11th Zoology : Chapter 8 : Excretion : Summary and Case Study - Excretion | Zoology


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