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History - Summary - Later Cholas and Pandyas | 11th History : Chapter 11 : Later Cholas and Pandyas

Chapter: 11th History : Chapter 11 : Later Cholas and Pandyas

Summary - Later Cholas and Pandyas

Revival of Chola rule by Vijayalaya Chola (850–871) and its consolidation by Paranthaka CholaI (907–955).


SUMMARY

I Cholas


  • Revival of Chola rule by Vijayalaya Chola (850–871) and its consolidation by Paranthaka CholaI (907–955).


  • Rajaraja I (985–1014) built the great Chola empire and constructed the Brihadishvarar temple in Thanjavur, thereby bringing glory and fame to his dynasty.


  • Rajendra I further expanded and extended the Chola territory by his overseas conquests to Kheda to Sri Vijaya. He built Gangai Konda Chozhapuram temple to commemorate his victories in North Indian military expeditions.


  • The Cholas’ efforts at providing tank and canal irrigation resulted in thriving agriculture and trade.


  • Temples became the hub of activities leading to patronage of arts and letters.


  • Brahmadeyams enjoyed special privileges inclusive of tax exemption.


  • Royal temples at Thanjavur, Gangai Konda Chozhapuram and Darasuram exemplified the perfection and excellence attained in architecture, sculpture, paintings and iconography.


  • Chola rulers as ardent Saivites supported the cause of Saivism and the Saiva canon (Thirumarai) was codified by Nambi Andar Nambi.


  • Maritime trade flourished. Sandalwood, ebony, condiments, precious gems, pepper, oil, paddy, grains and salt were exported, while the chief imports were camphor, copper, tin and mercury.


     Chola kings were great patrons of learning. Rajendra I established a Vedic     college at Ennayiram (South Arcot district).


II Pandyas


  • The Pandyas established their dynastic rule in southern Tamil Nadu by the end of the sixth century CE after Kalabhras.


  • Ari Kesari Maravarman’s (624–674) military conquests of Cheras, Cholas, Pallavas and Sinhalese illustrate their greatness.


  • Pandya’s presence revived in the thirteenth century after the decline of Chola rule brought the Tamizh country to limelight.


  • The war of succession between two brothers led to the intervention of Alauddin Khalji, resulting in the military expedition of Malik Kafur.


  • Pandyas built rock-cut cave temples and structural temples.


  • Pandyas left an imprint in maritime trade activities.


  • Kayal (port) region became the centre of trade and exchange, as recorded by Marco Polo and other travellers from Arabia.

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