Home | | Electrical Machines II | Single Phase Series Motor: Operation, Applications, Phasor Diagram

Chapter: Electrical machines : Single Phase Induction Motor and Special Machines

Single Phase Series Motor: Operation, Applications, Phasor Diagram

The single-phase series motor is a commutator-type motor. If the polarity of the line terminals of a dc series motor is reversed, the motor will continue to run in the same direction.

Single Phase Series Motor

 

The single-phase series motor is a commutator-type motor. If the polarity of the line terminals of a dc series motor is reversed, the motor will continue to run in the same direction. Thus, it might be expected that a dc series motor would operate on alternating current also. The direction of current through the armature[ Tϕla]. direction of the torque developed in a dc series motor is determined by both filed polarity.

Operation

Let a dc series motor be connected across a single-phase ac supply. Since the same current flows through the field winding and the armature, it follows that ac reversals from positive to negative, or from negative to positive, will simultaneously affect both the field flux polarity and the current direction through the armature. This means that the direction of the developed torque will remain positive, and rotation will continue in the same direction. Thus, a series motor can run both on dc and ac.

 

 

 

However, a series motor which is specifically designed for dc operation suffers from the following drawbacks when it is used on single-phase ac supply:

 

1.                       Its efficiency is low due to hysteresis and eddy-current losses.

 

2.                       The power factor is low due to the large reactance of the field and the armature winding.

 

3.                       The sparking at the brushes is excessive.

 

 

 

In order to overcome these difficulties, the following modifications are made in a D.C. series motor that is to operate satisfactorily on alternating current:

 

1.                       The field core is constructed of a material having low hysteresis loss. It is laminated to reduce eddy-current loss.

 

2.                       The field winding is provided with small number of turns. The field-pole areas is increased so that the flux density is reduced. This reduces the iron loss and the reactive voltage drop.

 

3.                       The number of armature conductors is increased in order to get the required torque with the low flux.

 

4.                       In order to reduce the effect of armature reaction, thereby improving commutation and reducing armature reactance, a compensating winding is used.

 

The compensating winding is put in the stator slots. The axis of the compensating winding is 90 (electrical) with the main field axis. It may be connected in series with both the armature and field as shown in Fig: In such a case the motor is conductively compensated.

 

The compensating winding may be short circuited on itself, in which case the motor is said to be inductively compensated shown in Fig.

 


The characteristics of single-phase series motor are very much similar to those of D.C. series motors, but the series motor develops less torque when operating from an a.c. supply than when working from an equivalent D.C. supply [Fig:]. The direction of rotation can be changed by interchanging connections to the field with respect to the armature as in D.C. series motor.


Speed control of universal motors is best obtained by solid-state devices. Since the speed of these is not limited by the supply frequency and may be as high as 20,000 r.p.m. (greater than the maximum synchronous speed of 3000 r.p.m. at 50 Hz), they are most suitable for applications requiring high speeds.


 Phasor Diagram of A.C Series Motor

 

The schematic diagram and phasor diagram for the conductively coupled single-phase ac series motor are shown in Fig: 4.19 and Fig: 4.20 respectively.



The resistance IaRse, IaRi, IaRc and IaRa drops are due to resistances of series field, interpole winding, compensating winding and of armature respectively are in phase with armature current Ia. The reactance drops IaXse, IaXi, IaXc and IaXa are due to reactance of series field, interpole winding, compensating winding and of armature respectively lead current Ia by 900. The generated armature counter emf is Eg. The terminal phase voltage VP is equal to the phasor sum of Eg and all the impedance drops in series.


The power factor angle between VP and Iais .


 

Applications

There are numerous applications where single-phase ac series motors are used, such as hair dryers, grinders, table-fans, blowers, polishers, kitchen appliances etc. They are also used for many other purposes where speed control and high values of speed are necessary.

Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail
Electrical machines : Single Phase Induction Motor and Special Machines : Single Phase Series Motor: Operation, Applications, Phasor Diagram |


Privacy Policy, Terms and Conditions, DMCA Policy and Compliant

Copyright © 2018-2024 BrainKart.com; All Rights Reserved. Developed by Therithal info, Chennai.