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Chapter: Aquaculture Principles and Practices: Basis of Aquaculture

Role in fishery management - Aquaculture

The foregoing discussions have indicated the rationale for the increasing emphasis given to aquaculture in fishery development and management programmes.

Role in fishery management

 

The foregoing discussions have indicated the rationale for the increasing emphasis given to aquaculture in fishery development and management programmes. While the current emphasis would appear to be in enhancing the production of high-valued species for export, its benefits in overall fishery management are also being slowly recognized. Export-oriented farming has clearly been responsible for attracting investment from the private sector and for starting several supporting industries like feed and equipment manufacture. Because of its possible role in improving foreign trade, governments in many countries are now offering incentives, including financial support, for the aquaculture sector. Industry and scientific institutions are devoting attention to research and development for the handling, preservation and presentation of aquaculture products. Even though the number of export products has increased, and the benefits of progress have trickled down to the production of other species, the need for diversification has come to be recognized by most enterprises. As already shown in several instances, especially in developing countries, the newly established supporting industries have already brought in overall economic and social gains to the communities concerned. Even now the newly established supporting industries can be of benefit to other types of aquaculture as well.

 

A major element in fishery management in many countries is to prevent any increase in, and possibly even reduce, fishing pressure in the intensively fished foreshore areas. Aquaculture would probably be the only means of maintaining the overall supplies, if fishing restrictions affect the landings. Sizeable increases in production through aquaculture under favourable conditions have already been achieved in several countries over the past decade, and the gap between capture fisheries production and requirement is expected to be bridged effectively.

Reduction in fishing pressure in developing countries often involves the displacement of large numbers of small-scale fishermen, who are unable to obtain a reasonable income, even when unrestricted fishing is allowed. Many of these fishermen and their families are reluctant to leave their traditional homes and change to professions unrelated to fisheries. Efforts are therefore made in some areas to assist these surplus fishermen to become aquafarmers. According to some social scientists, the fisher-man, who is essentially a hunter, looks down with some contempt on those who adopt land-or coast-based production methods, devoid of the excitements of open-water hunting and the prestige that is believed to go with it. However, in many areas of the world there are large numbers of part-time fishermen farmers.

 

Further, the origins of some of the present-day aquaculture systems, such as cage culture, are to be found in the fishermen’s practice of hold-ing live fish for marketing. That, in course of time, led to fattening before sale and then to techniques of rearing from fingerlings or fry stages. Numerous oyster farmers and some of the present-day cage-farmers of yellowtail, groupers and sea-basses are former fishermen.

 

Conflicts can arise between capture and culture fishery sectors, but with appropriate planning these two activities can be harmonized to provide an integrated development policy and programme. For many years, extraction and reforestation have formed the basic elements in the management of forest resources which in many ways is the terrestrial analogue of fisheries, and there is no strong reason why such a development cannot be achieved in fishery management.

 

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