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Chapter: 11th Chemistry : UNIT 1 : Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

Mole Concept

Often we use special names to express the quantity of individual items for our convenience.

Mole Concept

Often we use special names to express the quantity of individual items for our convenience. For example, a dozen roses means 12 roses and one quire paper means 25 single sheets. We can extend this analogy to understand the concept of mole that is used for quantifying atoms and molecules in chemistry. Mole is the SI unit to represent a specific amount of a substance.

 

To understand the mole concept, let's calculate the total number of atoms present in 12 g of carbon -12 isotope or molecules in 158.03 g of potassium permanganate and 294.18 g of potassium dichromate.



Table 1.2 Calculation of number of entities in one mole of substance.


From the calculations we come to know that 12 g of carbon-12 contains 6.022x1023 carbon atoms and same numbers of molecules are present in 158.03 g of potassium permanganate and 294.18 g of potassium dichromate. Similar to the way we use the term ‘dozen’ to represent 12 entities, we can use the term ‘mole’ to represent 6.022 x 1023 entities (atoms or molecules or ions)

 

One mole is the amount of substance of a system, which contains as many elementary particles as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 isotope. The elementary particles can be molecules, atoms, ions, electrons or any other specified particles.

 

Avogadro Number:

 

The total number of entities present in one mole of any substance is equal to 6.022 x 1023. This number is called Avogadro number which is named after the Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro who proposed that equal volume of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. Avogadro number does not have any unit.

 

In a chemical reaction, atoms or molecules react in a specific ratio. Let us consider the following examples

 

Reaction 1     :     C + O2 → CO2

Reaction 2     :   CH4 + 2 O2  → CO2 + 2 H2O

 

In the first reaction, one carbon atom reacts with one oxygen molecule to give one carbon dioxide molecule. In the second reaction, one molecule of methane burns with two molecules of oxygen to give one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water. It is clear that the ratio of reactants is based on the number of molecules. Even though the ratio is based on the number of molecules it is practically difficult to count the number of molecules. Because of this reason it is beneficial to use 'mole' concept rather than the actual number of molecules to quantify the reactants and the products. We can explain the first reaction as one mole of carbon reacts with one mole of oxygen to give one mole of carbon dioxide and the second reaction as one mole of methane burns with two moles of oxygen to give one mole of carbon dioxide and two moles of water. When only atoms are involved, scientists also use the term one gram atom instead of one mole.

Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro (1776-1856)

He is known for the Avogadro's hypothesis. In honour of his contributions, the number of fundamental particles in a mole of substance was named as Avogadro number. Though Avogadro didn't predict the number of particles in equal volumes of gas, his hypothesis did lead to the eventual determination of the number as 6.022 x 1023 Rudolf Clausius, with his kinetic theory of gases, provided evidence for Avogadro's law.

 

Molar Mass

 

Molar mass is defined as the mass of one mole of a substance. The molar mass of a compound is equal to the sum of the relative atomic masses of its constituents expressed in g mol-1.

 

Examples:

 

·       relative atomic mass of one hydrogen atom = 1.008 u

·       molar  mass  of hydrogen atom = 1.008 g mol-1

·        relative  molecular  mass  of  glucose = 180 u

·        molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1

 

Molar Volume:

 

The volume occupied by one mole of any substance in the gaseous state at a given temperature and pressure is called molar volume.




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