Medicinal Plants
India is a treasure house of medicinal plants. They are linked to
local heritage as well as to global-trade. All institutional systems in India
primarily use medicinal plants as drug sources. At present, 90% collection of
medicinal plants is from the non-cultivated sources. Growing demand for herbal
products has led to quantum jump in volume of plant materials traded within and
across the countries. Increasing demand exerts a heavy strain on the existing
resources. Now efforts are being made to introduce cultivation techniques of
medicinal plants to the farmers.
Medicinal plants play a significant role in providing primary
health care services to rural and tribal people. They serve as therapeutic
agents as well as important raw materials for the manufacture of traditional
and modern medicines. Medicinally useful molecules obtained from plants that
are marketed as drugs are called Biomedicines. Medicinal plants which are
marketed as powders or in other modified forms are known as Botanical
medicines. In this chapter you will be learning about a few medicinal plants
that are commonly used in Tamil Nadu. All these plants are commonly available
in and around dwelling places and can be easily cultivated in home gardens.
Botanical name : Phyllanthus amarus
Family : Euphorbiaceae (Now in Phyllanthaceae)
The plant is a native of Tropical American region and is naturalised in India and other tropical countries. It is not cultivated and is collected from moist places in plains. Phyllanthus maderspatensis is also commonly sold in the medicinal plant markets collected from non-forest are as keezhanelli.
Active principle: Phyllanthin is the major chemical
component.
Phyllanthus is a well-known hepato-protective plant generally used in
Tamil Nadu for the treatment of Jaundice. Research carried out by Dr. S P
Thyagarajan and his team from University of Madras has scientifically proved
that the extract of P. amarus is effective against hepatitis B virus.
Botanical name : Justicia adhatoda
Family: Acanthaceae
It is native to India and Srilanka. This
species is not known in wild in Tamil Nadu but widely cultivated as a live
fence and around temples.
Active principle: Vascin
Adhatoda possess broncho dilating property. The decoction
is used in treating many bronchial disorders such as cough,cold and asthma. It
is also used in treating fevers. The extract forms an ingredient of cough
syrups.
Botanical name : Andrographis paniculata
Family : Acanthaceae
Andrographis paniculata, known as the King of Bitters is
traditionally used in Indian systems of medicines.
Active principle: Andrographolides.
Andrographis is a potent hepatoprotective and is widely used to treat liver disorders.
Concoction of Andrographis paniculata and eight other herbs
(Nilavembu Kudineer) is effectively used to treat malaria and dengue.
Botanical name : Curcuma longa
Family: Zingiberaceae
You have already studied the details under
the spices. Active principle: Curcumin.
Curcumin (the yellow colouring principle is the major
pharmacologically active compound of turmeric) is well known for its medicinal
properties.
It is used to treat Alzheimer’s disease due to its property
to cross over blood brain barrier. It has a very powerful anti- oxidant,
anti-cancerous, anti- inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal
and antiviral properties. It is one of the traditional medicines used for wound
healing.
In the above chapter you have learnt about plants that are used
medicinally to treat various diseases. Phytochemicals / drugs from some of the
plants alter an individual’s perceptions of mind by producing hallucination are
known as psychoactive drugs. These drugs are used in all ancient culture
especially by Shamans and by traditional healers. Here we focus on two such
plants namely Poppy and Marijuana.
Botanical name : Papaver somniferum
Family: Papaveraceae
Opium poppy is native to South
Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh
are the licenced states to cultivate opium poppy.
Opium is derived from the exudates of fruits of poppy plants. It
was traditionally used to induce sleep and for relieving pain. Opium yields Morphine,
a strong analgesic which is used in surgery. However, opium is an addiction
forming drug.
Botanical name : Cannabis sativa
Family: Cannabiaceae
Marijuana is native to China. States such
as Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarkand, Uttarpradesh and Madhaya Pradesh have
legally permitted to cultivate industrial hemp/Marijuana
The active principle in Marijuana is trans-tetrahydrocanabinal
(THC). It possess a number of medicinal properties. It is an effective pain
reliever and reduces hypertension. THC is used in treating Glaucoma a
condition in which pressure develops in the eyes. THC is also used in
reducing nausea of cancer patients undergoing radiation and chemotherapy. THC
provides relief to bronchial disorders, especially asthma as it dilates
bronchial vessels. Because of these medicinal properties, cultivation of
cannabis is legalized in some countries. However, prolonged use causes
addiction and has an effect on individual’s health and society. Hence most of
the countries have banned its cultivation and use.
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