Measuring
Vertical Angles in Theodolite
1. Set up the theodolite at the station from where the vertical angle
is to be mea-sured. Level the instrument with reference to the plate bubble.
2 . further level the instrument with respect to the altitude
level ixed on the index rm. This bubble is generally more sensitive. The
procedure for levelling is the same. Bring the altitude level parallel to two
foot screws and level till the bubble traverses. Swing through 90 o to centre
the bubble again with the third foot screw. Repeat till the bubble traverses.
3. Swing the telescope to approximately direct the line of sight
towards the signal at P. Loosen the vertical circle clamp screw and incline the
line of sight to bisect P. Clamp the vertical circle and bisect the signal
exactly with the horizontal cross hair.
4. Read the verniers C and D. The average of these readings gives the
value of the angle.
This procedure assumes that the instrument is properly adjusted.
If there is an index error, the instrument does not read zero when the bubble
is in the centre and the line of sight is horizontal, the adjustment is done by
the clip screw. There may be a small index error, which can be accounted for in
the value of angle. The readings can be recorded as shown in Table 6.3.
Measuring Vertical Angle
Between Two Points
The two points may be above the horizontal or below the horizontal
or one may be above and the other below. In all cases, the vertical angles
between the instrument and the points are measured. If the points lie on the
same side of the horizontal, the vertical angle between the points is the
difference between the measured angles. If they lie on either side of the
horizontal through the instrument, the vertical angle between the points is the
sum of the angles measured.
Table
6.7 Recording
of observations
Interconversion of Angles
The
theodolite measures the whole circle bearings of lines. These can be converted
to reduced bearings by the methods discussed in Chapter 3. Also, one can
calculate included angles from bearings and vice versa. Included angles can
also be calculated from deflection angles and vice versa.
The following relationships of the angles of a
closed traverse are known from geometry:
(a)
sum of the interior angles = (2n
- 4) right angles
(b)
sum of exterior angles = (2n + 4)
right angles
(c)
sum of the deflection angles = 4 right
angles
It is desirable to draw a rough sketch of the traverse before attempting to solve problems. The following examples illustrate these principles.
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