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Chapter: Introduction to Human Nutrition: Minerals and Trace Elements

Manganese: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions

Manganese is widely distributed in the biosphere: it constitutes approximately 0.085% of the Earth’s crust, making it the twelfth most abundant element.

Manganese

 

Manganese is widely distributed in the biosphere: it constitutes approximately 0.085% of the Earth’s crust, making it the twelfth most abundant element. Manganese is a component of numerous complex minerals, including pyroluosite, rhodochrosite, rhodanite, braunite, pyrochite, and manganite. Chemical forms of manganese in their natural depos-its include oxides, sulfides, carbonates, and silicates. Anthropogenic sources of manganese are predomi-nantly from the manufacturing of steel, alloys, and iron products. Manganese is also widely used as an oxidizing agent, as a component of fertilizers and fun-gicides, and in dry cell batteries. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and medicine.

 

Manganese is a transition element. It can exist in 11 oxidation states from 3 to +7, with the most common valences being +2, +4, and +7. The +2 valence is the predominant form in biological systems, the +4 valence occurs in MnO2, and the +7 valence is found in permanganate.

 


Toxicity

 

Manganese toxicity of dietary origin has not been well documented. Toxicity has been observed only in workers exposed to high concentrations of manga-nese dust or fumes in air. For example, mine-workers in Chile exposed to manganese ore dust developed, possibly as a result of inhalation rather than inges-tion, “manganic madness,” manifested by psychosis, hallucinations, and extrapyramidal damage with features of parkinsonism.

 

In 2001, the US Food and Nutrition Board set the tolerable UL for manganese at 11 mg/day for adults (19 years and older). Elevated blood manganese con-centrations and neurotoxicity were selected as the critical adverse effects on which to base their UL for manganese.


Assessing status

 

Progress in the field of manganese nutrition has been hampered because of the lack of a practical method for assessing manganese status. Blood manganese concentrations appear to reflect the body manganese status of rats fed deficient or adequate amounts of manganese, but consistent changes in blood or plasma manganese have not been observed in depleted or repleted human subjects. Researchers are actively investigating whether the activities of manganese-dependent enzymes, such as manganese-SOD in blood lymphocytes and blood arginase, may be of use in detecting low manganese intake; however, there is evidence that these enzymes can be influenced by certain disease states.


Requirements and dietary sources

Relatively high concentrations of manganese have been reported in cereals (20–30 mg/kg), brown bread (100–150 mg/kg), nuts (10–20 mg/kg), ginger (280 mg/kg), and tea (350–900 mg/kg dry tea). Con-centrations of manganese in crops are dependent on soil factors such as pH, whereby increasing soil pH decreases plant uptake of manganese. Products of animal origin such as eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and red meat contain low amounts of manganese (Table 9.20). Many multivitamin and mineral supplements for adults provide 2.5–5.0 mg of manganese.


There is currently no RDA set for dietary manga-nese; instead, there is an AI value [these values were established by the US Food and Nutrition Board in 2001]: infants 0.003 mg (first 6 months), 0.6 mg (7– 12 months), children 1.2 and 1.5 mg (1–3 and 4–8 years, respectively), teenage boys 1.9 and 2.2 mg (9–13 and 14–18 years, respectively), adult men 2.3 mg (19 years and older), teenage girls 1.6 mg (9–18 years), adult women 1.8 mg (19 years and older), pregnant women 2.0 mg, and lactating women 2.6 mg. The AI was set based on median intakes reported from the US Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study.


Micronutrient interactions

Iron–manganese interactions have been demon-strated whereby iron deficiency increased manganese absorption, and high amounts of dietary iron inhibit manganese absorption, possibly by competition for similar binding and absorption sites between nonheme iron and manganese.

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Introduction to Human Nutrition: Minerals and Trace Elements : Manganese: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions |

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