LOCAL & REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
The medicinal qualities of coca had been
used by the Incas for centuries before its actions were first observed by
Europeans. Cocaine was isolated from coca leaves in 1855 by Gaedicke and was
purified in1860 by Albert Niemann. The original applica-tion of modern local
anesthesia is credited toCarl Koller, at the time a house officer in
ophthal-mology, who demonstrated topical anesthesia of the eye with cocaine in
1884. Later in 1884 William Hal-sted used cocaine for intradermal infiltration
and nerve blocks (including blocks of the facial nerve, brachial plexus,
pudendal nerve, and posterior tibial nerve). August Bier is credited with
administering the first spinal anesthetic in 1898. He was also the first to
describe intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block) in 1908. Procaine was
synthesized in 1904 by Alfred Einhorn and within a year was used clinically as
a local anesthetic by Heinrich Braun. Braun was also the first to add
epinephrine to pro-long the duration of local anesthetics. Ferdinand Cathelin
and Jean Sicard introduced caudal epidural anesthesia in 1901. Lumbar epidural
anesthesia was described first in 1921 by Fidel Pages and again (independently)
in 1931 by Achille Dogliotti. Addi-tional local anesthetics subsequently
introduced include dibucaine (1930), tetracaine (1932), lido-caine (1947),
chloroprocaine (1955), mepivacaine (1957), prilocaine (1960), bupivacaine
(1963), and etidocaine (1972). The most recent additions, ropi-vacaine and
levobupivacaine, have durations of action similar to bupivacaine but less
cardiac toxic-ity .
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