IC FABRICATION AND CIRCUIT
CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR ICs
1. Integrated Circuits
An
integrated circuit (IC) is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting
of active and passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of
silicon. The active components are transistors and diodes and passive
components are resistors and capacitors.
2. Advantages of integrated
circuits:
Miniaturization
and hence increased equipment density.
Cost
reduction due to batch processing.
Increased
system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints.
Improved
functional performance.
Matched
devices.
Increased
operating speeds.
Reduction
in power consumption
3. Classification:
Integrated
circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (bothanalog
and digital on the same chip). Based upon above requirement two different IC
technology namely Monolithic Technology and Hybrid Technology have been
developed. In monolithic IC ,all circuit components ,both active and passive
elements and their interconnections are manufactured into or on top of a single
chip of silicon. In hybrid circuits, separate component parts are attached to a
ceramic substrate and interconnected by means of either metallization pattern or
wire bounds.
Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops,multiplexers,and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allowshigh speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers work using binary mathematics to process "one" and "zero" signals.
Analog
ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational
amplifiers,work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like
amplification, active filtering,demodulation, mixing, etc.Analog ICs ease the
burden on circuit designers by having expertlydesigned analog circuits available
instead of designing a difficult analog circuit from scratch.
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