Cell Theory
In 1833, German botanist Matthias Schleiden and
German zoologist Theodor Schwann proposed
that all plants and animals are
composed of cells and that cells were the basic building blocks of life.
These observations led to the formulation of modern
cell theory.
·
All organisms are made up of cells.
·
New cells are formed by the division of pre-existing
cells.
·
Cells contains genetic material, which is passed on
from parents to daughter cells.
·
All metabolic reactions take place inside the
cells.
Viruses are puzzle in biology. Viruses, viroids and
prions are the exception to cell theory. They lack protoplasm, the essential
part of the cell and exists as obligate parasites which are sub-cellular in
nature.
The features of cell doctrine are as follows:
·
All organisms are made up of cells.
·
New cells are produced from the pre-existing cells.
·
Cell is a structural and functional unit of all
living organisms.
·
A cell contains hereditary information which is
passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
·
All the cells are basically the same in chemical
composition and metabolic activities.
·
The structure and function of cell is controlled by
DNA.
·
Sometimes the dead cells may remain functional as
tracheids and vessels in plants and horny cells in animals.
Corti first
observed protoplasm. Felix Dujardin (1835)
observed a living juice in animal
cell and called it “Sarcode”. Purkinje (1839) coined the term protoplasm for sap inside a plant
cell. Hugo Van Mohl (1846) indicated importance of protoplasm.
Max
Schultze (1861) established similarity
between Protoplasm and Sarcode and proposed a theory which later on called “Protoplasm Theory” by O. Hertwig (1892). Huxley (1868) proposed Protoplasm as a “physical basis of life”.
Protoplasm is a complex colloidal system which was suggested by Fisher in 1894 and Hardy in 1899. It is primarily made of water contents and various other solutes of biological importance such as glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, hormones and enzymes.
These solutes may be homogeneous
(soluble in water) or heterogeneous mass (insoluble in water) which forms the
basis for its colloidal nature.
The protoplasm exist either in semisolid
(jelly-like) state called ‘gel᾿ due
to suspended particles and various chemical bonds or may be liquid state called
‘sol᾿. The colloidal protoplasm
which is in gel form can change into sol form by solation and the sol can change into gel by gelation. These gel- sol conditions of colloidal system are prime
basis for mechanical behaviour of cytoplasm.
1) Protoplasm
is translucent, odourless and polyphasic fluid.
2) It is a
crystal colloid solution which is a mixture of chemical substances forming
crystalloid i.e. true solution (sugars, salts, acids, bases) and others forming
colloidal solution (Proteins and lipids)
3) It is the
most important property of the protoplasm by which it exhibits three main
phenomena namely Brownian movement, amoeboid movement and cytoplasmic streaming
or cyclosis. Viscosity of protoplasm is 2–20 centipoises. The Refractive index
of the protoplasm is 1.4.
4) The pH of
the protoplasm is around 6.8, contain 90% water (10% in dormant seeds)
5) Approximately
34 elements are present in protoplasm but only 13 elements are main or
universal elements i.e. C, H, O, N, Cl, Ca, P, Na, K, S, Mg, I and Fe. Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen form the 96% of protoplasm.
6) Protoplasm
is neither a good nor a bad conductor of electricity. It forms a delimiting
membrane on coming in contact with water and solidifies when heated.
7) Cohesiveness: Particles or molecules of protoplasm are adhered with each
other by forces, such as Van der Waal’s bonds, that hold long chains of molecules together. This property
varies with the strength of these forces.
8) Contractility: The contractility of proto plasm is important for the absorption
and removal of water especially stomatal operations.
9) Surface tension: The proteins and lipids of the protoplasm have less
surface tension, hence they are found at the surface forming the membrane. On
the other hand the chemical substances (NaCl) have high surface tension, so
they occur in deeper parts of the cell protoplasm.
Cell greatly vary in size, shape and also in
function. Group of cells with similar structures are called tissue they integrate together to
perform similar function, group of tissue join together to perform similar
function called organ, group of
organs with related function called organ system, organ system coordinating
together to form an organism.
The shape of cell vary greatly from organism to
organism and within the organism itself. In bacteria cell shape
In virus, shape of the envelope varies from round to hexagonal or ‘T’ shaped. In fungi, globular to
elongated cylindrical cells and the spores of fungi vary greatly in shape. In
plants and animals cells vary in shape according to cell types such as
parenchyma, mesophyll, palisade, tracheid, fiber, epithelium and others (Figure
6.6).
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