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Chapter: Essentials of Psychiatry: Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies

Behavioral Model

The behavioral model is based on the relatively straightforward chain of events and responses.

Behavioral Model

 

The behavioral model is based on the relatively straightforward chain of events and responses illustrated in Figure 69.3. Through the years, considerable effort and debate have concerned whether stimulus–response and response–reinforcement relationships


could be invoked to account for the complexity of human behavior (Kazdin, 1982; Staats, 1964). In its maturity, behavioral therapy has broadened beyond an exclusive focus on observable behav-iors (i.e., radical behaviorism) and now incorporates cognitive processes and other individual variables that affect one’s prepar-edness to learn (Bandura, 1977b; Goldfried and Davison, 1994). For example, in observational learning, the stimulus–response contingency relationship is established vicariously, by watching, reading about, or imagining the event in question. Reinforcement does not have to take place explicitly; it may occur vicariously, or it may simply be imagined. Other factors, such as the individual’s past history, inherent talents, or skillfulness of his or her perti-nent response repertoire, help account for the wealth of interindi-vidual variability in stimulus–response relationships. Bandura’s cognitive–behavioral formulation of self-efficacy is one example of a “mental” construct that has abiding behavioral implications. This modifiable attitude or belief (roughly akin to self-confidence) influences persistence, willingness to try new things, optimism and capacity to endure setbacks (Bandura, 1977a).

 

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